Jay Cooke's gamble

In 1869, Jay Cooke, the brilliant but idiosyncratic American banker, decided to finance the Northern Pacific, a transcontinental railroad planned from Duluth, Minnesota, to Seattle. M. John Lubetkin tells how Cooke's gamble reignited war with the Sioux, rescued George Armstrong Custer from obscurity, created Yellowstone Park, pushed frontier settlement four hundred miles westward, and triggered the Panic of 1873. Staking his reputation and wealth on the Northern Pacific, Cooke was soon whipsawed by the railroad's mismanagement, questionable contracts, and construction problems. Financier J. P. Morgan undermined him, and the Crédit Mobilier scandal ended congressional support. When railroad surveyors and army escorts ignored Sioux chief Sitting Bull's warning not to enter the Yellowstone Valley, Indian attacks -- combined with alcoholic commanders -- led to embarrassing setbacks on the field, in the nation's press, and among investors. Yet, sustained by his conviction that he was "God's chosen instrument," Cooke never gave up. By September 1873, Bismarck was reached, the Northern Pacific's revenues exceeded expenses, and track was planned to the Yellowstone. Then Custer's melodramatic report of the fight at the Yellowstone reached the New York press. Within hours, the news jolted Wall Street.